Υλικό σχετικά με την εργασία ΙΙ

(Από τη Wikipedia, s.v. time travel, time travel in fiction, επιστημονική φαντασία, ταξίδι στο χρόνο)
I. Ορισμός
Time travel is the concept of
moving between different moments in time
in a manner analogous to moving between different points in space,

> κίνηση στον χρόνο

> αναλογία με την κίνηση στον χώρο

either sending objects (or in some cases just information) backwards in time to a moment before the present, or sending objects forward from the present to the future without the need to experience the intervening period (at least not at the normal rate).

ΙΙ. Με ποιους τομείς συνδέεται η έννοια του «ταξιδιού στον χρόνο»
a common plot device in fiction since the 19th century
> κοινό θέμα στα μυθιστορήματα από τον 19ο αι. κ.ε.

one-way travel into the future is arguably possible given the phenomenon of time dilation based on velocity in the theory of special relativity (exemplified by the twin paradox) as well as gravitational time dilation in the theory of general relativity
it is currently unknown whether the laws of physics would allow backwards time travel
> σύνδεση με τους νόμους της φυσικής, για να φανεί αν μπορεί να υλοποιηθεί μια μηχανή του χρόνου

ΙΙΙ. Η έννοια του «ταξιδιού στον χρόνο» στη λογοτεχνία
α. Memoirs of the Twentieth Century (1733) by Samuel Madden
πρόκειται για μια σειρά επιστολών Άγγλων πρεσβευτών σε διάφορες χώρες στον Βρεταννό «Lord High Treasurer», παράλληλα με κάποιες απαντήσεις από τον βρεταννικό Foreign Office
Η ιδιαιτερότητα των επιστολών αυτών; Έχουν γραφτεί στα 1997 και 1998 και περιγράφουν τις συνθήκες της μελλοντικής εκείνης εποχής, ενώ παρουσιάζονται ως έγγραφα που παραδίδονται στον αφηγητή από τον φύλακα άγγελό του μία νύχτα του έτους 1728.
Κατά τρόπο ανάλογο υπάρχουν έργα που παρουσιάζουν εικόνες από το μέλλον ή το παρελθόν στο πλαίσιο κάποιου ονείρου ή οράματος (π.χ. Louis-Sébastien Mercier's L'An 2440, rêve s'il en fût jamais ("The Year 2440: A Dream If Ever There Were One"), a utopian novel – ανώνυμο διήγημα "Missing One's Coach: An Anachronism" που εκδόθηκε στα 1838 στο Dublin Literary Magazine [στο οποίο περιγράφεται ένα ταξίδι στο παρελθόν στα όρια ονείρου και πραγματικότητας] – το έργο του Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol στα 1843 με τα οράματα του Σκρουτζ σχετικά με διαφορετικά χρονικά σημεία χωρίς τη δυνατότητα αλληλεπίδρασης του πρωταγωνιστή - Paris avant les hommes (Paris before Men) by the French botanist and geologist Pierre Boitard)
Πιο σαφή παραδείγματα, στα οποία χρησιμοποιείται πιο ξεκάθαρα ένα εύρημα-χρονομηχανή: A clearer example of time travel is found in the popular 1861 book, published posthumously. In this story the main character is transported into the prehistoric past by the magic of a "lame demon" (a French pun on Boitard's name), where he encounters such extinct animals as a Plesiosaur, as well as Boitard's imagined version of an apelike human ancestor, and is able to actively interact with some of them. Another clear early example of time travel in fiction is the short story The Clock That Went BackwardPDF (35.7 KB) by Edward Page Mitchell, which appeared in the New York Sun in 1881. Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889), in which the protagonist finds himself in the time of King Arthur after a fight in which he is hit with a sledge hammer, was another early time travel story which helped bring the concept to a wide audience, and was also one of the first stories to show history being changed by the time traveler's actions.
Πρώτα έργα στο οποίο χρησιμοπείται μια χρονομηχανή: The first time travel story to feature time travel by means of a time machine was Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau's 1887 book El Anacronópete.[8] This idea gained popularity with the H. G. Wells story The Time Machine, published in 1895 (preceded by a less influential story of time travel Wells wrote in 1888, titled The Chronic Argonauts), which also featured a time machine and which is often seen as an inspiration for all later science fiction stories featuring time travel.
Since that time, both science and fiction (see Time travel in fiction) have expanded on the concept of time travel, but whether it could be possible in reality is still an open question.
Ειδικότερες πληροφορίες σχετικά με έργα που πραγματεύονται ταξίδια στον χρόνο
Early stories featuring time travel without time machines
Although The Time Machine by H. G. Wells was instrumental in causing the idea of time travel to enter the public imagination, non-technological forms of time travel had appeared in a number of earlier stories, and some even earlier stories featured elements suggestive of time travel, but remain somewhat ambiguous.
Εκτός από τα έργα που αναφέρθηκαν μπορούν να συγκαταλεχθούν και τα εξής:
The short story "The Clock That Went Backward", written by editor Edward Page Mitchell appeared in the New York Sun in 1881, another early example of time travel in fiction.
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) by Mark Twain.
Tourmalin's Time Cheques (1891) by Thomas Anstey Guthrie (written under the pseudonym F. Anstey) was the first story to play with the paradoxes that time travel could cause.
Golf in the Year 2000 (1892) by J. McCullough tells the story of an Englishman who fell asleep in 1892 and awakens in the year 2000. The focus of the book is how the game of golf would have changed by then, but many social and technological themes are also discussed along the way, including a device similar to television and women's equality.

Τα επιμέρους μοτίβα που συνδέονται με το ταξίδι στον χρόνο
Taking technology to the past In these stories a visitor to the past changes history using knowledge from their own time, either for evil or good, or sometimes accidentally. Examples of this genre include the classic Lest Darkness Fall by L. Sprague de Camp. Πρόκειται για τους γνωστούς από την ομηρική εποχή αναχρονισμούς.
The Guardians of Time In this genre a group of people are charged with ensuring that time turns out 'properly' (or protecting it from changes by other travellers). This includes Hugo winner The Big Time and the other Change War stories by Fritz Leiber, Terry Pratchett's humorous Thief of Time, and Simon Hawke's TimeWars series. Another good example of this consept is the popular sci-fi series Doctor Who. Παρατηρήστε πώς ακόμη και στις ταινίες, όταν επίκειται κάποια αλλαγή στο παρελθόν σε σχέση με την υπάρχουσα γνώση, κάτι συμβαίνει την τελευταία στιγμή έστω και «διαφυλάσσει» την παράδοση.
Unintentional change or fulfillment. In these stories a time traveller intends to observe past events, but discovers that he or she has unintentionally either prevented or created the events. Behold the Man is an example of this kind.
Στη λογοτεχνία η ιδέα του «ταξιδιού στον χρόνο» παρέχει την απαραίτητη απόσταση, για να καταστεί εφικτή η πραγμάτευση γεγονότων και θεμάτων κρίσιμων.
Προϋποτίθεται επίσης, μέσω της δυνατότητας να επέρχονται τροποποιήσεις από τον «ταξιδιώτη στον χρόνο», ότι ο καθένας είναι σημαντικός για τον καθορισμό της ιστορίας.
Το είδος στο οποίο εντάσσονται αυτά τα έργα: science fiction (μυθιστορήματα επιστημονικής φαντασίας), όπου γίνεται λόγος για διαφορετικό παρελθόν, παρόν και το πιθανό μέλλον.
Προσέξτε τη διαφορά:
Stories that involve time travel devices and technologies that take people backwards and forwards in time and space are considered part of the science fiction genre, whereas stories that involve time travel through supernatural, magical, or unexplained means are considered part of the fantasy genre.
The genre of science fiction is often characterized by incorporating technology either as “a driving force of the story, or merely the setting for drama.” Therefore, it is this key component—technology—that can be used to distinguish between time travel of the science fiction and fantasy realms.
Isaac Asimov, when asked to explain the difference between science fiction and fantasy, once explained that science fiction, given its grounding in science, is possible; fantasy, which has no grounding in reality, is not.”Any story involving time travel may be considered to include an element of science fiction. However, novels and short stories from the science fiction genre usually feature time travel via technology (a 'time machine') rather than time travel by supernatural means, and often play with the possibility of time paradoxes such as the grandfather paradox.